Women have always been healers. They were the unlicensed doctors and anatomists of western history. They were abortionists, nurses and counsellors. They were pharmacists, cultivating healing herbs and exchanging the secrets of their uses. They were midwives, travelling from home to home and village to village. For centuries women were doctors without degrees, barred from books and lectures, learning from each other, and passing on experience from neighbor to neighbor and mother to daughter. They were called âwise womenâ by the people, witches or charlatans by the authorities. Medicine is part of our heritage as women, our history, our birthright. The wise woman, or witch, had a host of remedies which had been tested in years of use. Many of the herbal remedies developed by witches still have their place in modern pharmacology, yet the work of women has been largely forgotten. In this pamphlet, Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English examine the persecution of female healers, and the legacy of the witch hunts on the healing roles women take on today.